"Labor Day storm" redirects here. For the storm that hit Syracuse, New York, in 1998, see New York State Labor Day derechos. For the Arizona storm in 1970, see Tropical Storm Norma (1970).
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The Bahamas, Florida Keys, Southwest and North Florida (Big Bd), Georgia, The Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, New gland
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With winds of up to 185 mph (298 km/h). The fourth tropical cyclone, third tropical storm, second hurricane, and second major hurricane of the 1935 Atlantic hurricane season, the Labor Day hurricane was one of four Category 5 hurricanes on record to strike the contiguous United States, along with Hurricane Andrew in 1992, Hurricane Camille in 1969, and Hurricane Michael in 2018. In addition, it was the third most intse Atlantic hurricane on record in terms of barometric pressure, only behind Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 and Hurricane Wilma in 2005.
The hurricane intsified rapidly, passing near Long Key on the eving of Monday, September 2. The region was swept by a massive storm surge as the eye passed over the area. The waters quickly receded after carving new channels connecting the bay with the ocean; however, gale-force winds and rough seas persisted into Tuesday, disrupting rescue efforts. The storm continued northwestward along the Florida west coast, weaking before making its second landfall near Cedar Key, Florida, on September 4.
The compact and intse hurricane caused catastrophic damage in the upper Florida Keys, as a storm surge of approximately 18 to 20 feet (5.5 to 6.1 m) swept over the low-lying islands. The hurricane's strong winds and the surge destroyed nearly all the structures betwe Tavernier and Marathon. The town of Islamorada was obliterated. Portions of the Key West Extsion of the Florida East Coast Railway were severely damaged or destroyed. In addition, many veterans died in work camps created for the construction of the Overseas Highway, in part due to poor working conditions. The hurricane also caused more damage in northwest Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas.
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An area of disturbed weather developed northeast of the Turks Islands toward the d of August. By August 31, a definite tropical depression appeared near Long Island in the southeastern Bahamas and quickly intsified. It reached hurricane intsity near the south d of Andros Island on September 1.
The storm th explosively intsified and turned toward the Florida Keys at a speed of 10 mph. The storm had an eye 9–10 miles (14–16 km) across. The storm made landfall late on September 2 near Long Key, at peak intsity, with an intsity of 892 millibars (26.3 inHg) and 1-minute sustained winds of 185 mph (298 km/h). After leaving the Keys, the storm weaked as it skirted the Florida gulf coast, making a second landfall at Cedar Keys. The storm sped up and rapidly weaked over the Mid-Atlantic states, causing heavy rainfall, with the highest total being 16.7 inches (420 mm) in Easton, Maryland. The storm finally emerged over the op Atlantic near Cape Hry.
The first recorded instance of an aircraft flown for the specific purpose of locating a hurricane occurred on the afternoon of September 2, 1935. The Weather Bureau's 1:30 PM advisory
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Placed the cter of the hurricane at north latitude 23° 20', west longitude 80° 15', moving slowly westward. This was about 27 miles (43 km) north of Isabela de Sagua, Villa Clara, Cuba, and 145 miles (233 km) east of Havana. Captain Leonard Povey of the Aviation Corps of the Cuban Army (Cuerpo de Aviación del Ejército de Cuba) volunteered to investigate the threat to the capital. Flying a Curtis Hawk II, Captain Povey, an American expatriate, who was the Aviation Corps' chief training officer, observed the storm north of its reported position. Because he was flying an op-cockpit biplane, he opted not to fly into the storm.
Nothing further came of this idea until June 1943, wh Colonel Joe Duckworth and Lieutant Ralph O'Hair flew into a hurricane near Galveston, Texas.
The Labor Day hurricane was the most intse tropical cyclone known to make landfall in the Western Hemisphere, having the lowest sea level pressure ever officially recorded on land—a ctral pressure of 892 millibars (26.3 inHg)—suggesting an intsity of betwe 162 and 164 knots (186 and 189 mph). The somewhat compsating effects of a slow (7 knots, 8.1 mph) translational velocity along with an extremely tiny radius of maximum wind (5 nmi, 5.8 mi) led to an analyzed intsity at landfall of 160 knots (184 mph; 296 km/h). The 1935 Labor Day hurricane is tied with 2019's Hurricane Dorian for the highest intsity for a landfalling Atlantic hurricane in HURDAT2, as 1969's Hurricane Camille has be reanalyzed in 2014 to have the third highest landfalling intsity with 150 knots (173 mph; 278 km/h).
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Upon receipt of this advisory the U.S. Coast Guard Station, Miami, FL, st a plane along the coast to advise boaters and campers of the impding danger by dropping message blocks. A second flight was made on Sunday afternoon. All planes were placed in the hangar and its door closed at 10:00 AM Monday.
The 3:30 AM advisory, September 2 (Labor Day), predicted the disturbance "will probably pass through the Florida Straits Monday" and cautioned "against high tides and gales Florida Keys and ships in path."
At around 2:00 PM, Fred Ght, Assistant Administrator, Florida Emergcy Relief Administration, requested a special train to evacuate the veterans work camps located in the upper keys.
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It departed Miami at 4:25 PM; delayed by a draw bridge oping, obstructions across the track, poor visibility and the necessity to back the locomotive below Homestead (so it could head out on the return trip
) the train finally arrived at the Islamorada station on Upper Matecumbe Key at about 8:20 PM. This coincided with an abrupt wind shift from the northeast (Florida Bay) to southeast (Atlantic Ocean) and the arrival on the coast of the storm surge.
Three ships were reported to have run aground during the storm. The Danish motorship Leise Maersk was carried over and grounded nearly 4 miles away near Upper Matecumbe Key, although there was no loss of life. The gine room was flooded and the ship was disabled.
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The American tanker Pueblo lost control near 24°40′N 80°25′W / 24.667°N 80.417°W / 24.667; -80.417 around 2 pm on September 2 and was pushed around the storm's cter, ding up in Molasses Reef nearly eight hours later.
The passger steamship Dixie ran aground on Frch Reef. She was re-floated and towed to New York on September 19. No fatalities resulted from the incidt.
Were swept from the tracks, leaving only the locomotive and tder upright and still on the rails. Remarkably, everyone on the train survived.
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The hurricane left a path of near-total destruction in the Upper Keys, ctered on what is today the village of Islamorada. The eye of the storm passed a few miles to the southwest creating a calm of about 40 minutes duration over Lower Matecumbe and 55 minutes (9:20–10:15 PM) over Long Key. At Camp #3 on Lower Matecumbe the surge arrived near the d of the calm with the wind close behind.
Nearly every structure was demolished, and some bridges and railway embankmts were washed away. The links—rail, road, and ferry boats—that chained the islands together were brok. The main transportation route linking the Keys to mainland Florida had be a single railroad line, the Florida Overseas Railroad portion of the Florida East Coast Railway. The Islamorada area was devastated, although the hurricane's destructive path was narrower than most tropical cyclones. Its eye was eight miles (13 km.) across and the fiercest winds extded 15 miles (24 km).) off the cter, less than 1992's Hurricane Andrew, which was also a relatively small and catastrophic Category 5 hurricane. Craig Key, Long Key, and Upper Matecumbe and Lower Matecumbe Keys suffered the worst. The storm caused wind and flood damage along the Florida panhandle and into Georgia, and significant damage to the Tampa Bay Area.
After the third day of the storm corpses swelled and split op in the subtropical heat, according to rescue workers. Public health officials ordered plain wood coffins holding the dead to be stacked and burned in several locations. The National Weather Service estimated 408 deaths from the hurricane. Bodies were recovered as far away as Flamingo and Cape Sable on the southwest tip of the Florida mainland.
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